Ggthjy

Here's what I came up with for a 2-dimensional random walk exercise. It takes a number of steps as input and iterates through them, while drawing every step as a line on the canvas. The direction is randomized.

#rndwalk.py -- Simulates a 2-Dimensional random walk



from random import random

import math

from graphics import *





def intro():

    print("nThis program simulates n steps on a 2-dimensional random walk")

    print("and outputs the end point.")



def open_window():

    win = GraphWin("2-Dimensional random walk", 500, 500)

    win.setCoords(-100, -100, 100, 100)

    win.setBackground("white")

    return win



def walk_n_steps(steps, win):

    point_x = 0

    point_y = 0

    for step in range(steps):

        x_new, y_new = walk_one_step(point_x, point_y)

        draw_line(win, point_x, point_y, x_new, y_new)

        point_x, point_y = x_new, y_new

    return point_x, point_y



def draw_line(win, point_x, point_y, x_new, y_new):

    step = Line(Point(point_x, point_y), Point(x_new, y_new))

    step.setWidth(2)

    step.setFill("black")

    step.draw(win)



def walk_one_step(point_x, point_y):

    angle = random() * 2 * math.pi

    point_x = point_x + math.cos(angle)

    point_y = point_y + math.sin(angle)

    return point_x, point_y



def output(steps, point_x, point_y):

    print("nSteps simulated: {}".format(steps))

    print("Start point: 0, 0")

    print("End point: {}, {}n".format(point_x, point_y))



def main():

    intro()

    win = open_window()

    steps = int(input("How many steps do you want to simulate? >> "))

    point_x, point_y = walk_n_steps(steps, win)

    output(steps, point_x, point_y)

    win.getMouse()



if __name__ == "__main__": main()

For anyone who wants to test it, here's the graphics module I'm using. Note that it's necessary to use from graphics import *, it won't work any other way. That's how the author of the book I'm using intended.

# graphics.py

"""Simple object oriented graphics library



The library is designed to make it very easy for novice programmers to

experiment with computer graphics in an object oriented fashion. It is

written by John Zelle for use with the book "Python Programming: An

Introduction to Computer Science" (Franklin, Beedle & Associates).



LICENSE: This is open-source software released under the terms of the

GPL (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html).



PLATFORMS: The package is a wrapper around Tkinter and should run on

any platform where Tkinter is available.



INSTALLATION: Put this file somewhere where Python can see it.



OVERVIEW: There are two kinds of objects in the library. The GraphWin

class implements a window where drawing can be done and various

GraphicsObjects are provided that can be drawn into a GraphWin. As a

simple example, here is a complete program to draw a circle of radius

10 centered in a 100x100 window:



    --------------------------------------------------------------------

    from graphics import *



    def main():

        win = GraphWin("My Circle", 100, 100)

        c = Circle(Point(50,50), 10)

        c.draw(win)

        win.getMouse() # Pause to view result

        win.close()    # Close window when done



    main()

    --------------------------------------------------------------------

    GraphWin objects support coordinate transformation through the

    setCoords method and mouse and keyboard interaction methods.



    The library provides the following graphical objects:

        Point

        Line

        Circle

        Oval

        Rectangle

        Polygon

        Text

        Entry (for text-based input)

        Image



    Various attributes of graphical objects can be set such as

    outline-color, fill-color and line-width. Graphical objects also

    support moving and hiding for animation effects.



    The library also provides a very simple class for pixel-based image

    manipulation, Pixmap. A pixmap can be loaded from a file and displayed

    using an Image object. Both getPixel and setPixel methods are provided

    for manipulating the image.



    DOCUMENTATION: For complete documentation, see Chapter 4 of "Python

    Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science" by John Zelle,

    published by Franklin, Beedle & Associates.  Also see

    http://mcsp.wartburg.edu/zelle/python for a quick reference"""



    __version__ = "5.0"



    # Version 5 8/26/2016

    #     * update at bottom to fix MacOS issue causing askopenfile() to hang

    #     * update takes an optional parameter specifying update rate

    #     * Entry objects get focus when drawn

    #     * __repr_ for all objects

    #     * fixed offset problem in window, made canvas borderless



    # Version 4.3 4/25/2014

    #     * Fixed Image getPixel to work with Python 3.4, TK 8.6 (tuple type handling)

    #     * Added interactive keyboard input (getKey and checkKey) to GraphWin

    #     * Modified setCoords to cause redraw of current objects, thus

    #       changing the view. This supports scrolling around via setCoords.

    #

    # Version 4.2 5/26/2011

    #     * Modified Image to allow multiple undraws like other GraphicsObjects

    # Version 4.1 12/29/2009

    #     * Merged Pixmap and Image class. Old Pixmap removed, use Image.

    # Version 4.0.1 10/08/2009

    #     * Modified the autoflush on GraphWin to default to True

    #     * Autoflush check on close, setBackground

    #     * Fixed getMouse to flush pending clicks at entry

    # Version 4.0 08/2009

    #     * Reverted to non-threaded version. The advantages (robustness,

    #         efficiency, ability to use with other Tk code, etc.) outweigh

    #         the disadvantage that interactive use with IDLE is slightly more

    #         cumbersome.

    #     * Modified to run in either Python 2.x or 3.x (same file).

    #     * Added Image.getPixmap()

    #     * Added update() -- stand alone function to cause any pending

    #           graphics changes to display.

    #

    # Version 3.4 10/16/07

    #     Fixed GraphicsError to avoid "exploded" error messages.

    # Version 3.3 8/8/06

    #     Added checkMouse method to GraphWin

    # Version 3.2.3

    #     Fixed error in Polygon init spotted by Andrew Harrington

    #     Fixed improper threading in Image constructor

    # Version 3.2.2 5/30/05

    #     Cleaned up handling of exceptions in Tk thread. The graphics package

    #     now raises an exception if attempt is made to communicate with

    #     a dead Tk thread.

    # Version 3.2.1 5/22/05

    #     Added shutdown function for tk thread to eliminate race-condition

    #        error "chatter" when main thread terminates

    #     Renamed various private globals with _

    # Version 3.2 5/4/05

    #     Added Pixmap object for simple image manipulation.

    # Version 3.1 4/13/05

    #     Improved the Tk thread communication so that most Tk calls

    #        do not have to wait for synchonization with the Tk thread.

    #        (see _tkCall and _tkExec)

    # Version 3.0 12/30/04

    #     Implemented Tk event loop in separate thread. Should now work

    #        interactively with IDLE. Undocumented autoflush feature is

    #        no longer necessary. Its default is now False (off). It may

    #        be removed in a future version.

    #     Better handling of errors regarding operations on windows that

    #       have been closed.

    #     Addition of an isClosed method to GraphWindow class.



    # Version 2.2 8/26/04

    #     Fixed cloning bug reported by Joseph Oldham.

    #     Now implements deep copy of config info.

    # Version 2.1 1/15/04

    #     Added autoflush option to GraphWin. When True (default) updates on

    #        the window are done after each action. This makes some graphics

    #        intensive programs sluggish. Turning off autoflush causes updates

    #        to happen during idle periods or when flush is called.

    # Version 2.0

    #     Updated Documentation

    #     Made Polygon accept a list of Points in constructor

    #     Made all drawing functions call TK update for easier animations

    #          and to make the overall package work better with

    #          Python 2.3 and IDLE 1.0 under Windows (still some issues).

    #     Removed vestigial turtle graphics.

    #     Added ability to configure font for Entry objects (analogous to Text)

    #     Added setTextColor for Text as an alias of setFill

    #     Changed to class-style exceptions

    #     Fixed cloning of Text objects



    # Version 1.6

    #     Fixed Entry so StringVar uses _root as master, solves weird

    #            interaction with shell in Idle

    #     Fixed bug in setCoords. X and Y coordinates can increase in

    #           "non-intuitive" direction.

    #     Tweaked wm_protocol so window is not resizable and kill box closes.



    # Version 1.5

    #     Fixed bug in Entry. Can now define entry before creating a

    #     GraphWin. All GraphWins are now toplevel windows and share

    #     a fixed root (called _root).



    # Version 1.4

    #     Fixed Garbage collection of Tkinter images bug.

    #     Added ability to set text atttributes.

    #     Added Entry boxes.



    import time, os, sys



    try:  # import as appropriate for 2.x vs. 3.x

       import tkinter as tk

    except:

       import Tkinter as tk





    ##########################################################################

    # Module Exceptions



    class GraphicsError(Exception):

        """Generic error class for graphics module exceptions."""

        pass



    OBJ_ALREADY_DRAWN = "Object currently drawn"

    UNSUPPORTED_METHOD = "Object doesn't support operation"

    BAD_OPTION = "Illegal option value"



    ##########################################################################

    # global variables and funtions



    _root = tk.Tk()

    _root.withdraw()



    _update_lasttime = time.time()



    def update(rate=None):

        global _update_lasttime

        if rate:

            now = time.time()

            pauseLength = 1/rate-(now-_update_lasttime)

            if pauseLength > 0:

                time.sleep(pauseLength)

                _update_lasttime = now + pauseLength

            else:

                _update_lasttime = now



        _root.update()



    ############################################################################

    # Graphics classes start here



    class GraphWin(tk.Canvas):



        """A GraphWin is a toplevel window for displaying graphics."""



        def __init__(self, title="Graphics Window",

                     width=200, height=200, autoflush=True):

            assert type(title) == type(""), "Title must be a string"

            master = tk.Toplevel(_root)

            master.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.close)

            tk.Canvas.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height,

                               highlightthickness=0, bd=0)

            self.master.title(title)

            self.pack()

            master.resizable(0,0)

            self.foreground = "black"

            self.items = []

            self.mouseX = None

            self.mouseY = None

            self.bind("<Button-1>", self._onClick)

            self.bind_all("<Key>", self._onKey)

            self.height = int(height)

            self.width = int(width)

            self.autoflush = autoflush

            self._mouseCallback = None

            self.trans = None

            self.closed = False

            master.lift()

            self.lastKey = ""

            if autoflush: _root.update()



        def __repr__(self):

            if self.isClosed():

                return "<Closed GraphWin>"

            else:

                return "GraphWin('{}', {}, {})".format(self.master.title(),

                                                 self.getWidth(),

                                                 self.getHeight())



        def __str__(self):

            return repr(self)



        def __checkOpen(self):

            if self.closed:

                raise GraphicsError("window is closed")



        def _onKey(self, evnt):

            self.lastKey = evnt.keysym





        def setBackground(self, color):

            """Set background color of the window"""

            self.__checkOpen()

            self.config(bg=color)

            self.__autoflush()



        def setCoords(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):

            """Set coordinates of window to run from (x1,y1) in the

            lower-left corner to (x2,y2) in the upper-right corner."""

            self.trans = Transform(self.width, self.height, x1, y1, x2, y2)

            self.redraw()



        def close(self):

            """Close the window"""



            if self.closed: return

            self.closed = True

            self.master.destroy()

            self.__autoflush()





        def isClosed(self):

            return self.closed





        def isOpen(self):

            return not self.closed





        def __autoflush(self):

            if self.autoflush:

                _root.update()





        def plot(self, x, y, color="black"):

            """Set pixel (x,y) to the given color"""

            self.__checkOpen()

            xs,ys = self.toScreen(x,y)

            self.create_line(xs,ys,xs+1,ys, fill=color)

            self.__autoflush()



        def plotPixel(self, x, y, color="black"):

            """Set pixel raw (independent of window coordinates) pixel

            (x,y) to color"""

            self.__checkOpen()

            self.create_line(x,y,x+1,y, fill=color)

            self.__autoflush()



        def flush(self):

            """Update drawing to the window"""

            self.__checkOpen()

            self.update_idletasks()



        def getMouse(self):

            """Wait for mouse click and return Point object representing

            the click"""

            self.update()      # flush any prior clicks

            self.mouseX = None

            self.mouseY = None

            while self.mouseX == None or self.mouseY == None:

                self.update()

                if self.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError("getMouse in closed window")

                time.sleep(.1) # give up thread

            x,y = self.toWorld(self.mouseX, self.mouseY)

            self.mouseX = None

            self.mouseY = None

            return Point(x,y)



        def checkMouse(self):

            """Return last mouse click or None if mouse has

            not been clicked since last call"""

            if self.isClosed():

                raise GraphicsError("checkMouse in closed window")

            self.update()

            if self.mouseX != None and self.mouseY != None:

                x,y = self.toWorld(self.mouseX, self.mouseY)

                self.mouseX = None

                self.mouseY = None

                return Point(x,y)

            else:

                return None



        def getKey(self):

            """Wait for user to press a key and return it as a string."""

            self.lastKey = ""

            while self.lastKey == "":

                self.update()

                if self.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError("getKey in closed window")

                time.sleep(.1) # give up thread



            key = self.lastKey

            self.lastKey = ""

            return key



        def checkKey(self):

            """Return last key pressed or None if no key pressed since last call"""

            if self.isClosed():

                raise GraphicsError("checkKey in closed window")

            self.update()

            key = self.lastKey

            self.lastKey = ""

            return key



        def getHeight(self):

            """Return the height of the window"""

            return self.height



        def getWidth(self):

            """Return the width of the window"""

            return self.width



        def toScreen(self, x, y):

            trans = self.trans

            if trans:

                return self.trans.screen(x,y)

            else:

                return x,y



        def toWorld(self, x, y):

            trans = self.trans

            if trans:

                return self.trans.world(x,y)

            else:

                return x,y



        def setMouseHandler(self, func):

            self._mouseCallback = func



        def _onClick(self, e):

            self.mouseX = e.x

            self.mouseY = e.y

            if self._mouseCallback:

                self._mouseCallback(Point(e.x, e.y))



        def addItem(self, item):

            self.items.append(item)



        def delItem(self, item):

            self.items.remove(item)



        def redraw(self):

            for item in self.items[:]:

                item.undraw()

                item.draw(self)

            self.update()





    class Transform:



        """Internal class for 2-D coordinate transformations"""



        def __init__(self, w, h, xlow, ylow, xhigh, yhigh):

            # w, h are width and height of window

            # (xlow,ylow) coordinates of lower-left [raw (0,h-1)]

            # (xhigh,yhigh) coordinates of upper-right [raw (w-1,0)]

            xspan = (xhigh-xlow)

            yspan = (yhigh-ylow)

            self.xbase = xlow

            self.ybase = yhigh

            self.xscale = xspan/float(w-1)

            self.yscale = yspan/float(h-1)



        def screen(self,x,y):

            # Returns x,y in screen (actually window) coordinates

            xs = (x-self.xbase) / self.xscale

            ys = (self.ybase-y) / self.yscale

            return int(xs+0.5),int(ys+0.5)



        def world(self,xs,ys):

            # Returns xs,ys in world coordinates

            x = xs*self.xscale + self.xbase

            y = self.ybase - ys*self.yscale

            return x,y





    # Default values for various item configuration options. Only a subset of

    #   keys may be present in the configuration dictionary for a given item

    DEFAULT_CONFIG = {"fill":"",

          "outline":"black",

          "width":"1",

          "arrow":"none",

          "text":"",

          "justify":"center",

                      "font": ("helvetica", 12, "normal")}



    class GraphicsObject:



        """Generic base class for all of the drawable objects"""

        # A subclass of GraphicsObject should override _draw and

        #   and _move methods.



        def __init__(self, options):

            # options is a list of strings indicating which options are

            # legal for this object.



            # When an object is drawn, canvas is set to the GraphWin(canvas)

            #    object where it is drawn and id is the TK identifier of the

            #    drawn shape.

            self.canvas = None

            self.id = None



            # config is the dictionary of configuration options for the widget.

            config = {}

            for option in options:

                config[option] = DEFAULT_CONFIG[option]

            self.config = config



        def setFill(self, color):

            """Set interior color to color"""

            self._reconfig("fill", color)



        def setOutline(self, color):

            """Set outline color to color"""

            self._reconfig("outline", color)



        def setWidth(self, width):

            """Set line weight to width"""

            self._reconfig("width", width)



        def draw(self, graphwin):



            """Draw the object in graphwin, which should be a GraphWin

            object.  A GraphicsObject may only be drawn into one

            window. Raises an error if attempt made to draw an object that

            is already visible."""



            if self.canvas and not self.canvas.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError(OBJ_ALREADY_DRAWN)

            if graphwin.isClosed(): raise GraphicsError("Can't draw to closed window")

            self.canvas = graphwin

            self.id = self._draw(graphwin, self.config)

            graphwin.addItem(self)

            if graphwin.autoflush:

                _root.update()

            return self





        def undraw(self):



            """Undraw the object (i.e. hide it). Returns silently if the

            object is not currently drawn."""



            if not self.canvas: return

            if not self.canvas.isClosed():

                self.canvas.delete(self.id)

                self.canvas.delItem(self)

                if self.canvas.autoflush:

                    _root.update()

            self.canvas = None

            self.id = None





        def move(self, dx, dy):



            """move object dx units in x direction and dy units in y

            direction"""



            self._move(dx,dy)

            canvas = self.canvas

            if canvas and not canvas.isClosed():

                trans = canvas.trans

                if trans:

                    x = dx/ trans.xscale

                    y = -dy / trans.yscale

                else:

                    x = dx

                    y = dy

                self.canvas.move(self.id, x, y)

                if canvas.autoflush:

                    _root.update()



        def _reconfig(self, option, setting):

            # Internal method for changing configuration of the object

            # Raises an error if the option does not exist in the config

            #    dictionary for this object

            if option not in self.config:

                raise GraphicsError(UNSUPPORTED_METHOD)

            options = self.config

            options[option] = setting

            if self.canvas and not self.canvas.isClosed():

                self.canvas.itemconfig(self.id, options)

                if self.canvas.autoflush:

                    _root.update()





        def _draw(self, canvas, options):

            """draws appropriate figure on canvas with options provided

            Returns Tk id of item drawn"""

            pass # must override in subclass





        def _move(self, dx, dy):

            """updates internal state of object to move it dx,dy units"""

            pass # must override in subclass





    class Point(GraphicsObject):

        def __init__(self, x, y):

            GraphicsObject.__init__(self, ["outline", "fill"])

            self.setFill = self.setOutline

            self.x = float(x)

            self.y = float(y)



        def __repr__(self):

            return "Point({}, {})".format(self.x, self.y)



        def _draw(self, canvas, options):

            x,y = canvas.toScreen(self.x,self.y)

            return canvas.create_rectangle(x,y,x+1,y+1,options)



        def _move(self, dx, dy):

            self.x = self.x + dx

            self.y = self.y + dy



        def clone(self):

            other = Point(self.x,self.y)

            other.config = self.config.copy()

            return other



        def getX(self): return self.x

        def getY(self): return self.y



    class _BBox(GraphicsObject):

        # Internal base class for objects represented by bounding box

        # (opposite corners) Line segment is a degenerate case.



        def __init__(self, p1, p2, options=["outline","width","fill"]):

            GraphicsObject.__init__(self, options)

            self.p1 = p1.clone()

            self.p2 = p2.clone()



        def _move(self, dx, dy):

            self.p1.x = self.p1.x + dx

            self.p1.y = self.p1.y + dy

            self.p2.x = self.p2.x + dx

            self.p2.y = self.p2.y  + dy



        def getP1(self): return self.p1.clone()



        def getP2(self): return self.p2.clone()



        def getCenter(self):

            p1 = self.p1

            p2 = self.p2

            return Point((p1.x+p2.x)/2.0, (p1.y+p2.y)/2.0)





    class Rectangle(_BBox):



        def __init__(self, p1, p2):

            _BBox.__init__(self, p1, p2)



        def __repr__(self):

            return "Rectangle({}, {})".format(str(self.p1), str(self.p2))



        def _draw(self, canvas, options):

            p1 = self.p1

            p2 = self.p2

            x1,y1 = canvas.toScreen(p1.x,p1.y)

            x2,y2 = canvas.toScreen(p2.x,p2.y)

            return canvas.create_rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,options)



        def clone(self):

            other = Rectangle(self.p1, self.p2)

            other.config = self.config.copy()

            return other





    class Oval(_BBox):



        def __init__(self, p1, p2):

            _BBox.__init__(self, p1, p2)



        def __repr__(self):

            return "Oval({}, {})".format(str(self.p1), str(self.p2))





        def clone(self):

            other = Oval(self.p1, self.p2)

            other.config = self.config.copy()

            return other



        def _draw(self, canvas, options):

            p1 = self.p1

            p2 = self.p2

            x1,y1 = canvas.toScreen(p1.x,p1.y)

            x2,y2 = canvas.toScreen(p2.x,p2.y)

            return canvas.create_oval(x1,y1,x2,y2,options)



    class Circle(Oval):



        def __init__(self, center, radius):

            p1 = Point(center.x-radius, center.y-radius)

            p2 = Point(center.x+radius, center.y+radius)

            Oval.__init__(self, p1, p2)

            self.radius = radius



        def __repr__(self):

            return "Circle({}, {})".format(str(self.getCenter()), str(self.radius))



        def clone(self):

            other = Circle(self.getCenter(), self.radius)

            other.config = self.config.copy()

            return other



        def getRadius(self):

            return self.radius





    class Line(_BBox):



        def __init__(self, p1, p2):

            _BBox.__init__(self, p1, p2, ["arrow","fill","width"])

            self.setFill(DEFAULT_CONFIG['outline'])

            self.setOutline = self.setFill



        def __repr__(self):

            return "Line({}, {})".format(str(self.p1), str(self.p2))



        def clone(self):

            other = Line(self.p1, self.p2)

            other.config = self.config.copy()

            return other



        def _draw(self, canvas, options):

            p1 = self.p1

            p2 = self.p2

            x1,y1 = canvas.toScreen(p1.x,p1.y)

            x2,y2 = canvas.toScreen(p2.x,p2.y)

            return canvas.create_line(x1,y1,x2,y2,options)



        def setArrow(self, option):

            if not option in ["first","last","both","none"]:

                raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION)

            self._reconfig("arrow", option)





    class Polygon(GraphicsObject):



        def __init__(self, *points):

            # if points passed as a list, extract it

            if len(points) == 1 and type(points[0]) == type([]):

                points = points[0]

            self.points = list(map(Point.clone, points))

            GraphicsObject.__init__(self, ["outline", "width", "fill"])



        def __repr__(self):

            return "Polygon"+str(tuple(p for p in self.points))



        def clone(self):

            other = Polygon(*self.points)

            other.config = self.config.copy()

            return other



        def getPoints(self):

            return list(map(Point.clone, self.points))



        def _move(self, dx, dy):

            for p in self.points:

                p.move(dx,dy)



        def _draw(self, canvas, options):

            args = [canvas]

            for p in self.points:

                x,y = canvas.toScreen(p.x,p.y)

                args.append(x)

                args.append(y)

            args.append(options)

            return GraphWin.create_polygon(*args)



    class Text(GraphicsObject):



        def __init__(self, p, text):

            GraphicsObject.__init__(self, ["justify","fill","text","font"])

            self.setText(text)

            self.anchor = p.clone()

            self.setFill(DEFAULT_CONFIG['outline'])

            self.setOutline = self.setFill



        def __repr__(self):

            return "Text({}, '{}')".format(self.anchor, self.getText())



        def _draw(self, canvas, options):

            p = self.anchor

            x,y = canvas.toScreen(p.x,p.y)

            return canvas.create_text(x,y,options)



        def _move(self, dx, dy):

            self.anchor.move(dx,dy)



        def clone(self):

            other = Text(self.anchor, self.config['text'])

            other.config = self.config.copy()

            return other



        def setText(self,text):

            self._reconfig("text", text)



        def getText(self):

            return self.config["text"]



        def getAnchor(self):

            return self.anchor.clone()



        def setFace(self, face):

            if face in ['helvetica','arial','courier','times roman']:

                f,s,b = self.config['font']

                self._reconfig("font",(face,s,b))

            else:

                raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION)



        def setSize(self, size):

            if 5 <= size <= 36:

                f,s,b = self.config['font']

                self._reconfig("font", (f,size,b))

            else:

                raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION)



        def setStyle(self, style):

            if style in ['bold','normal','italic', 'bold italic']:

                f,s,b = self.config['font']

                self._reconfig("font", (f,s,style))

            else:

                raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION)



        def setTextColor(self, color):

            self.setFill(color)





    class Entry(GraphicsObject):



        def __init__(self, p, width):

            GraphicsObject.__init__(self, [])

            self.anchor = p.clone()

            #print self.anchor

            self.width = width

            self.text = tk.StringVar(_root)

            self.text.set("")

            self.fill = "gray"

            self.color = "black"

            self.font = DEFAULT_CONFIG['font']

            self.entry = None



        def __repr__(self):

            return "Entry({}, {})".format(self.anchor, self.width)



        def _draw(self, canvas, options):

            p = self.anchor

            x,y = canvas.toScreen(p.x,p.y)

            frm = tk.Frame(canvas.master)

            self.entry = tk.Entry(frm,

                                  width=self.width,

                                  textvariable=self.text,

                                  bg = self.fill,

                                  fg = self.color,

                                  font=self.font)

            self.entry.pack()

            #self.setFill(self.fill)

            self.entry.focus_set()

            return canvas.create_window(x,y,window=frm)



        def getText(self):

            return self.text.get()



        def _move(self, dx, dy):

            self.anchor.move(dx,dy)



        def getAnchor(self):

            return self.anchor.clone()



        def clone(self):

            other = Entry(self.anchor, self.width)

            other.config = self.config.copy()

            other.text = tk.StringVar()

            other.text.set(self.text.get())

            other.fill = self.fill

            return other



        def setText(self, t):

            self.text.set(t)





        def setFill(self, color):

            self.fill = color

            if self.entry:

                self.entry.config(bg=color)





        def _setFontComponent(self, which, value):

            font = list(self.font)

            font[which] = value

            self.font = tuple(font)

            if self.entry:

                self.entry.config(font=self.font)





        def setFace(self, face):

            if face in ['helvetica','arial','courier','times roman']:

                self._setFontComponent(0, face)

            else:

                raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION)



        def setSize(self, size):

            if 5 <= size <= 36:

                self._setFontComponent(1,size)

            else:

                raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION)



        def setStyle(self, style):

            if style in ['bold','normal','italic', 'bold italic']:

                self._setFontComponent(2,style)

            else:

                raise GraphicsError(BAD_OPTION)



        def setTextColor(self, color):

            self.color=color

            if self.entry:

                self.entry.config(fg=color)





    class Image(GraphicsObject):



        idCount = 0

        imageCache = {} # tk photoimages go here to avoid GC while drawn



        def __init__(self, p, *pixmap):

            GraphicsObject.__init__(self, [])

            self.anchor = p.clone()

            self.imageId = Image.idCount

            Image.idCount = Image.idCount + 1

            if len(pixmap) == 1: # file name provided

                self.img = tk.PhotoImage(file=pixmap[0], master=_root)

            else: # width and height provided

                width, height = pixmap

                self.img = tk.PhotoImage(master=_root, width=width, height=height)



        def __repr__(self):

            return "Image({}, {}, {})".format(self.anchor, self.getWidth(), self.getHeight())



        def _draw(self, canvas, options):

            p = self.anchor

            x,y = canvas.toScreen(p.x,p.y)

            self.imageCache[self.imageId] = self.img # save a reference

            return canvas.create_image(x,y,image=self.img)



        def _move(self, dx, dy):

            self.anchor.move(dx,dy)



        def undraw(self):

            try:

                del self.imageCache[self.imageId]  # allow gc of tk photoimage

            except KeyError:

                pass

            GraphicsObject.undraw(self)



        def getAnchor(self):

            return self.anchor.clone()



        def clone(self):

            other = Image(Point(0,0), 0, 0)

            other.img = self.img.copy()

            other.anchor = self.anchor.clone()

            other.config = self.config.copy()

            return other



        def getWidth(self):

            """Returns the width of the image in pixels"""

            return self.img.width()



        def getHeight(self):

            """Returns the height of the image in pixels"""

            return self.img.height()



        def getPixel(self, x, y):

            """Returns a list [r,g,b] with the RGB color values for pixel (x,y)

            r,g,b are in range(256)



            """



            value = self.img.get(x,y)

            if type(value) ==  type(0):

                return [value, value, value]

            elif type(value) == type((0,0,0)):

                return list(value)

            else:

                return list(map(int, value.split()))



        def setPixel(self, x, y, color):

            """Sets pixel (x,y) to the given color



            """

            self.img.put("{" + color +"}", (x, y))





        def save(self, filename):

            """Saves the pixmap image to filename.

            The format for the save image is determined from the filname extension.



            """



            path, name = os.path.split(filename)

            ext = name.split(".")[-1]

            self.img.write( filename, format=ext)





    def color_rgb(r,g,b):

        """r,g,b are intensities of red, green, and blue in range(256)

        Returns color specifier string for the resulting color"""

        return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r,g,b)



    def test():

        win = GraphWin()

        win.setCoords(0,0,10,10)

        t = Text(Point(5,5), "Centered Text")

        t.draw(win)

        p = Polygon(Point(1,1), Point(5,3), Point(2,7))

        p.draw(win)

        e = Entry(Point(5,6), 10)

        e.draw(win)

        win.getMouse()

        p.setFill("red")

        p.setOutline("blue")

        p.setWidth(2)

        s = ""

        for pt in p.getPoints():

            s = s + "(%0.1f,%0.1f) " % (pt.getX(), pt.getY())

        t.setText(e.getText())

        e.setFill("green")

        e.setText("Spam!")

        e.move(2,0)

        win.getMouse()

        p.move(2,3)

        s = ""

        for pt in p.getPoints():

            s = s + "(%0.1f,%0.1f) " % (pt.getX(), pt.getY())

        t.setText(s)

        win.getMouse()

        p.undraw()

        e.undraw()

        t.setStyle("bold")

        win.getMouse()

        t.setStyle("normal")

        win.getMouse()

        t.setStyle("italic")

        win.getMouse()

        t.setStyle("bold italic")

        win.getMouse()

        t.setSize(14)

        win.getMouse()

        t.setFace("arial")

        t.setSize(20)

        win.getMouse()

        win.close()



    #MacOS fix 2

    #tk.Toplevel(_root).destroy()



    # MacOS fix 1

    update()



    if __name__ == "__main__":

        test()